Project Management Success Factors

Task Management Success Factors Presentation Task is a brief, exceptional and novel undertaking having an unmistakable completion date (Project Management Institute, 2013). Undertaking achievement has been an interesting issue of discussion throughout the previous not many decades. A great deal of examination and study has been done in this regard however the outcomes are slippery instead of indisputable. The essential purpose for this is the novel nature, size and unpredictability of a task. Task achievement is an apparent idea and there is a wide dissimilarity of conclusions concerning this. Early exploration on venture achievement was finished keeping into account the brilliant triangle of time, financial plan and required degrees of value (Belassi, 1996). Inability to meet this desires/principles, the task was considered as a disappointment. Be that as it may, over the most recent two decades, the spotlight has been more on authoritative and the board achievement. The evaluation of undertaking achievement is finished by var ious intrigue gatherings (Stockholders, supervisors, clients and workers). Along these lines, appraisal of undertaking achievement must be done in agreement to various perspectives (Stuckenbruck, 1986) (Baccarini, 1999) recognized the two particular wellsprings of undertaking achievement: Undertaking Management Success Emphasizes on venture process and the fruitful achievement of brilliant triangle (cost, time and quality). Additionally, it tends to the manner in which a venture was led. Item Success-Deals with the impacts of items ultimate result. Task achievement is of prime most significance as a dominant part of the undertakings come up short, bringing about immense measures of misfortunes (assets and time). To beat this, noticeable specialists have received a two-dimensional technique for tending to extend achievement, specifically venture achievement rules and achievement factors. Undertaking CRITICAL SUCCESS CRITERIA AND CRITICIAL SUCCESS FACTORS Â â Undertaking achievement models are the arrangement of rules and guidelines used to survey the achievement or disappointments of a venture. These are reliant on a great deal of components/factors and will be dependent upon variety in recognition by various partners. Customarily, venture achievement standards were reliant on the brilliant or iron triangle (cost, time and quality). On the other hand, it was later on found that achievement models couldnt be estimated dependent on these components alone as the impression of venture achievement fluctuates from individual to individual. Besides, research additionally demonstrates that it is difficult to produce a standard particular of progress models apt for all ventures. Evaluation of venture was done on various criterias, including utility of the last task, customer fulfillment, and the likelihood of utilizing the completed undertaking (Slevin Pinto, 1986). Albeit various explores have various assessments, there is a general agreement wi th respect to the outcome regions, which covers the whole issue of venture accomplishment in the broadest sense. A portion of the key components of undertaking achievement measures are as per the following: Partners Appreciation. Client Appreciation. Increase by contracting accomplices. Increase by venture staff. Increase by clients. Customer appreciation. Time. Quality. Cost. Undertaking productivity. Undertaking the executives is the utilization of information, abilities, instruments, and strategies to extend exercises to meet the task prerequisites. (Venture Management Institute, 2013). A ton of huge examination work has been completed in the field of task the executives to distinguish and decide the basic achievement factors. Famous analysts , Pinto and Slevin were the first to build up a Project the board apparatus, named Project Implementation Plan (PIP) and recognizable proof of basic achievement factors (Slevin Pinto, 1986). These variables were generally acknowledged and furthermore utilized by different analysts (Scott-Young Samson, 2004) . Moreover, it was additionally understood that because of complexities and nuances of ventures, this strategy wasnt powerful and the Project usage instrument (PIP) was utilized to analyze the Critical achievement Factors (CSF) over various undertaking life cycles (Pinto Prescott, 1998) (Adams, 1978) (King Cleland, 1983). The different C ritical Success Factors related with the distinctive venture life cycles are as per the following: Undertaking Initiation or Conceptualization Phase: (Achievement factors-Definition of objectives, venture goals, venture rundown and customer appreciation). (Morris Hough, 1987) Undertaking Planning Phase : (Achievement factors-Scope definition, venture methodology, choice of colleagues, work breakdown structure (WBS), asset portion, customer acknowledgment and the board support). (Cleland King, 1983) (Belassi, 1996) Task Execution Phase: (Achievement factors-Scheduling, specialized works, inconvenience shooting, checking and input, advancement and quality control) (Morris Hough, 1987) Task Closing or Terminating Phase: (Achievement factors-Client input, work survey, specialized errands, customer discussion, venture reports.) (Belassi, 1996) Moreover, the achievement components can likewise be separated into significant gatherings covering all the angles and components of undertaking the board (Westerveld, 2002). These are as per the following: The executives of Human Resources: (Group and initiative, Project supervisor, partner Management) Venture Process: (Arranging, booking, controlling, checking, quality and hazard) Hierarchical Factors: (Assets , strategy , hierarchical structure) Specialized Factors: (Acquisition, Contractor, specialized works and oddity) Outer Factors: (Talented HR, experience, venture size, venture uniqueness, the board bolster structure, political dependability, condition and other regular risks) In this manner, it tends to be reasoned that venture achievement rules stresses more on the outcome situated territories, while; achievement factors center more around the authoritative regions of an undertaking (Westerveld, 2002). Simultaneously, the two of them go about as brilliant rules for the supervisory crew to detail and gadget their procedure, actualizing and executing them so as to accomplish immediate or aberrant undertaking achievement. Likewise, specialists have discovered that that human asset the board quickens ventures achievement more than specialized aptitudes (Scott-Young Samson, 2004). Venture chiefs assume a crucial job with regards to fruitful conveyance of tasks. Because of the unpredictability and uniqueness related with each venture, it is of outmost significance for an undertaking chief to create and embrace a multi-dimensional methodology. As the task chief needs to concentrate on numerous factors, it is basic for the venture director to get his supervisory group installed as fast as could be expected under the circumstances and characterize venture objectives, degree and execution plan. A venture chief must acknowledge and comprehend the customer and associations desires and structure a bespoke strategy considering the achievement measures and achievement factors.

Blah Jogging Around

As per C. Wright Mills, what happens in any one person's life is interrelated with society in general. To have sociological creative mind as characterized by Mills â€Å"To know about social stucture and to utilize it with reasonableness IS to be equipped for following such LINKAGES among incredible assortment of milieux. † The sociological creative mind helps enable us to comprehend the connection of one's own account, history, and customs alongside the information on the social and authentic impact society may have on that individual or gatherings of people.Mills thought makes us need to explore into a person's memoir and ways of life, and spot their discoveries inside the encompassing conditions where occasions happen so as to see the entire image of the general public wherein the individual lives. In Lisa J. McIntyre’s contextual investigation titled â€Å"Hernando Washington† we read about a youngster named Hernando Washington who abducts, assaults, and murd ers a multi year elderly person named Sarah Gould.When utilizing the sociological creative mind to investigate this we pose inquiries, for example, â€Å"What was the social milieu where the occasion happens? † and â€Å"what impacts did the social framework have on the person? †. Posing these inquiries, we see that Hernando lived in a zone where police movement was nearly non existent. Hernando’s sibling had been shot and sister had been assaulted with definitely no police move regularly making place. This clarifies why Hernando figured he could pull off his actions.If this could occur before then what might not be right on the off chance that he was the person who did it. We additionally observe that Hernando saw the assault he submitted as sex. He believed that since Sarah was distant from everyone else and with no male acomplise, it was alright for him to in his viewpoint engage in sexual relations with (assault) her. The sociologists perspective on Hernando did doesn’t make did alright, yet it explains why he did it. He in his correct brain with the circumstances he had been set in during his life felt this approved of the same amount of conviction as what you and me think about it being off-base.

Length for Nickel-chrome wire of a diameter Essay Example for Free

Length for Nickel-chrome wire of a measurement Essay This is on the grounds that the obstruction is high so current will be low. The wire will warm up on the grounds that the opposition is high leaving me with a decent scope of protections between 100-10cm. I will presently work out the present that would move through 1m of wire: I=V/R 3/3. 6= 0. 833 A 3/5. 3= 0. 566 A 3/15. 2= 0. 197A 3/21. 3= 0. 141A 3/35. 1= 85mAÂ This is my ideal Current. By utilizing these outcomes I currently recognize what scope of the ammeter should be. It will be that of 0-100mA. My school has ammeters that can gauge to this range. Results Length (cm) Voltage 1 (V) Current 1 (mA) Voltage2 (V) Current 2(mA)Â Measurements of distance across of wire at 20 cm interims Point estimated at (cm) Diameter estimated (mm)Final information (taking into consideration end blunder) I at that point checked the end mistake of the micrometer was +0. 04mm leaving me with the last information Percentage Errors of Apparatus Micrometer. When the width is placed into the condition A=? (d/2)2 the breadth is squared so the blunder is multiplied I. e. 10. 5% Conclusion Alessadnro Bizzarri I discovered that my expectations were right. The more extended the bit of wire, the more noteworthy the opposition. This is because of the possibility of the free moving electrons being opposed by molecules in the wire. There would be more impacts in a more drawn out bit of wire, which clarifies the expanded opposition. I additionally anticipated that the connection between the wire length and the obstruction ought to be straightforwardly corresponding in light of the fact that the line go through the beginning. I got done with a straight line chart so this forecast was additionally right. This is on the grounds that in a wire double the length of another wire, there would be twofold the quantity of molecules causing opposition. From my diagram my angle is equivalent to 41/1. 04= 39. 42? m. Gradient= 39. 42? m. By utilizing the recipe P= Gradient ? A , I can discover P. A=? (d/2) 2 = (0. 19? 10-3/2) 2 Area =2. 8? 10-8 P=2. 8? 10-8 ? 39. 42 P=110? 10-8? m Evaluation I am generally satisfied with the outcomes got. I wound up with a wide scope of results and my forecasts were demonstrated right. I anticipated that when I plotted R against l it would create a straight line experiencing the starting point. My outcomes were exact on the grounds that on my chart almost the entirety of the focuses came into contact with the line of best fit or were close. My strategies of estimating current and voltage were additionally acceptable in light of the fact that the variety between rehash readings of voltage and current at every length is little. Length (cm) Difference in voltage (V) Difference in Current (mA). The scope of protections between each perusing is enormous which gives me increasingly spread, which makes my diagram progressively precise. Assessment of results The worth I have determined for resistivity is 110? 10-8 ? /m. I looked into my information research center book and saw it as 110? 10-8. My unrounded esteem for the resistivity is 110. 3? 10-8 ? /m . This is a practically indistinguishable incentive to that found in the book. Wellsprings of mistake In this examination I experienced numerous wellsprings of blunder. The capricious thickness of wire represents one of them. In spite of the fact that I took width readings along the length of wire, there could in any case be chinks in the wire which could influence a significant number of my outcomes. The crocodile cuts which I utilized likewise expanded blunder somewhat. The crocodile cut was in contact with a superfluously huge area of the wire during the analysis. Along these lines, I was taking voltage and current readings for a marginally off base length. This is likewise mostly because of human mistake since I could have set the crocodile cut onto the specific length I needed. My micrometer additionally demonstrated to have huge wellspring of blunder. The end mistake of the micrometer I utilized was +0. 04mm. The micrometer was likewise found to have the best rate blunder. Its rate blunder was multiplied on the grounds that the distance across it was utilized to gauge was squared . (A=? (d/2)2). Estimating the length of my wire demonstrated very troublesome in light of the fact that it was difficult to get a precise perusing by eye. Despite the fact that the wire was cello taped to a meter rule there was some slackness in the wire demonstrating that there was in reality in excess of a meter there. I figured out how to abstain from getting the temperature excessively hot thus expanded precision and unwavering quality. Enhancements. A large number of upgrades could be set up if I somehow happened to re-try this investigation. I would purchase a wire, which has a similar breadth right through. I could likewise discover an improvement to the crocodile cuts. Rather than the clasps I could utilize a racer key. The length of wire which I would gather information for would be a great deal precise as racer key comes into contact with the wire over a little separation contrasted with the crocodile cuts. Further work A potential hotspot for additional work is examining the impact of the cross sectional region of the wire with opposition. Utilizing the condition R=pl/An as Y=mx+c. Plotting R against l/An again I could foresee another straight line and the resitivity would be found. This would be the equivalent for nickel Chrome. I could likewise check whether the conditions R? l and R? l/An are valid for different kinds of wire. List of sources Physics by Tom Duncanâ Salters Horners propelled Physics Collins progressed particular sciences Show review just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism segment.

Green Buildings - Free Essay Example

DEPARTMENT OF BUILDING FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY BLDG 501 ASSIGNMENT BY MOHAMMED O. MUBARAK U05BD1041 2010 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 Q1-CONCEPT OF GREEN BUILDING/ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY BUILDINGS G reen Building is a holistic approach to programming planning, designing, and constructing (or renovating) buildings and sites. Green building is the practice of creating structures and using processes that are nvironmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a buildings life-cycle from siting to design, construction, operation, maintenance, renovation and deconstruction. This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort. Green building is also known as a sustainable or high performance building. Besides that, all liabilities of materials, water and energy waste, and pollution emissions are converted into economic opportunitie s through the realization of environmentally sound, healthier and cost effective project. Green building design is a concept that is still at its infancy stage, but one that has been successful in utilizing different aspects of construction, planning, and building technologies that have come up to reduce the environmental impact known to be caused by buildings. The recent past has seen a lot of attention in almost all sectors which not only focus on the green building design but also on the duty of restructuring old patterns to create a healthy and more sustainable environment. Away from the green building design and the use of some building materials in favor of those considered to have little or no impact at all on the environment, the building and construction industry has also seen a shift in how new buildings are designed and meant to function. U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 2 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 Green Architectural concept (take note of the roof lighting) Ar eas of application of Green Buildings There are five major areas of application of a sustainable building design, namely: 1. Sustainability 2. Materials 3. Energy efficiency 4. Land use and 5. Waste reduction Sustainability Building green does not only involve designing a structure for its present use but also for its future uses. A flexible building can be ‘renovated and recycled’ severally over its lifetime. If for whatever reason some technical issues of a construction prevent the main building to be used for a new function, the materials used in the building therefore should be designed in such a way that they will facilitate ease of reprocessing and recycling of the materials. U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 3 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 Materials Typically, a building uses up various materials in the process of building. Green architecture minimizes the reliance on resource intensive materials and products and use earth-friendly, efficient, and recyclabl e materials. Green concept showing the use of insulated Curtain walls which also provides adequate daylight Energy Efficiency An equally crucial aspect of sustainable architecture is the incorporation of energy efficient conservation ways and mechanical systems. Sustainable buildings are designed in such a way that they will get rid of, or minimize the reliance on fossil fuels. Further, green designs help reduce waste by implementing viable solutions and sustainable energy strategies. U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 4 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 Green concept showing how ventilation can be achieved with minimum use of energy Land Use The building orientation as well as the selection of a site equally has a crucial role to play in sustainable building design. Typically, a sustainable building will be located to utilize the environment and the climate. Such conditions have an impact on the efficiency of the society in general and of course the building. Waste Reduction A gre at amount of waste is produced by the mere process of building. Green architecture sees to it that modular systems of building, efficient material usage, as well as use of recycled products help reduce the amount of waste created. A truly green building would create very negligible amounts of waste during the building process and ultimately while in use. Therefore, the effect on the environment and on the resources is significantly reduced. U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 5 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 Benefits of a Sustainable Building Design Basically, a sustainable building will rely on a special design, known as sustainable building design that underscores the efficient and effective use of renewable and recyclable resources in everything right from the water systems, building materials, as well as energy and heating systems. As such, it would mean that the siting, the building design, the process of construction, the maintenance of the building’s operations and so orth will create a very minimal negligible impact on the environment. A Sustainable environment can only be achieved therefore if the best building practices are effected in the sustainable building design. The design ensures that every upcoming building has to achieve sustainability measures and standards which may include reducing production of waste, reducing pollution, efficient use of resources such as energy, heat, and water and finally protecting the health of the people who will end up occupying the sustainable building eventually. The Role of a Green Builder in Green Home Building Sustainable building or green building if you like has become a widespread trend today in the midst of diminishing resources and increased awareness and concerns about the environment. U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 6 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 It is therefore not uncommon to find a realtor become a ‘nominated green agent’ while a contractor becomes a ‘nominated green b uilder’. Real estate buyers today are after energyefficient sustainable homes as they have proven to be easy and cheap to maintain. In fact, it has become somewhat a show of status to buy or have a green home. Further, it is due to the realization of the importance of green buildings that even some governments, like the US government, extends tax breaks to people who own green homes. Q2- Technical problems experienced by project managers in the building production process at any construction site 1. Large construction projects, such as an office building or an industrial complex, are often too complicated for one person to manage. 2. These managers coordinate and supervise the construction process from the conceptual development stage through final construction, making sure that the project gets completed on time and within budget, therefore failure to do so become a technical problem. 3. Failure of dividing works into various segments: site preparation, including clear ing and excavation of the land, installing sewage systems, and landscaping and road construction; building construction, including laying foundations and erecting the structural ramework, floors, walls, and roofs; and building systems, including protecting against fire and installing electrical, plumbing, air-conditioning, and heating systems. 4. Construction managers not been able to determine the labor requirements of the project and, in some cases, supervise or monitor the hiring and dismissal of workers. 5. They are responsible for obtaining all necessary permits and licenses and, depending upon the contractual arrangements, for directing or monitoring compliance with building and safety codes, other regulations, and requirements set by the projects insurers. . Although the work usually is not inherently dangerous, injuries can occur and construction managers must be careful while performing onsite services. U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 7 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 Q3-RE ASONS WHY NIGERIA HAS NOT BEEN ABLE TO PRODUCE INDIGINOUS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS NEEDEDEVEN AFTER OVER 40 YEARS OF INDEPENDENCE 1. Nigeria lacks the technological capacity to venture into the manufacture of construction materials without outside help. This is due to the poor standard of education in the country. 2. Corruption: this has to do with the disease of greediness which has infected most Nigerians in high places who might actually be able to pull this off, but end up seeing the idea of constructing indigenous construction materials as an opportunity to exploit other stakeholders (the general public included). 3. Demand and Supply: few Nigerians who have embarked on journeys to manufacture construction plants and equipments realize that there is low demand for heavy equipment in most parts of the country, which is why few users of such equipments prefer to purchase foreign equipments which they feel are more reliable. Where there is no demand, there would be no supply. 4. The interest rate of such a venture is also minimal. This problem can also be attributed to the demand and supply of indigenous construction materials. U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 8 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY 2010 REFERENCE ? Dahiru, D. (2009): â€Å"Building Construction Lecture Notes† Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria – Nigeria. ? Karolides, A. (2002): â€Å"Green Building Approaches in Green Building†: Project Planning Cost Estimating, RS Means Co Ltd; USA Pp 1 – 22. Dahiru, D. : â€Å"GREEN BUILDINGS KEY TO SUSTAINABLE BUILT ENVIROMENT IN NIGERIA† Department of Building, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria – Nigeria. ? https://truthdive. com/2009/06/05/the-concept-of-green-buildings/ ? https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Construction_%28disambiguation%29 ? Boahen A 1966. Topics in West African History. London: Longman Group Limited. ? https://online. onetcenter. org/link/summary/11-9021. 00 U05BD1041 / BLDG 501 Page 9

Irregularities in Othello - 1716 Words

Irregularities in Othello The Shakespearean tragedy Othello contains various irregularities of time and occurrence which cause the audience to scratch their head in wonder and doubt. Let us analyze some of these shortcomings in this essay. In the Introduction to The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains one of the difficulties in Othello: Othello murders his wife on the second night in Cyprus. The difficulty, of which Shakespeare was clearly aware, arises from the fact that this leaves no time for her to have had â€Å"stol’n hours of lust,† certainly not to have enjoyed them repeatedly, as Iago alleges. In such allusions to frequent adultery as III.iii.340-43 and V.ii.211-12, Shakespeare slides over†¦show more content†¦It presents the general as an inconsistent character, unable to control his feelings at this time even though he has a hundred previous times controlled his feelings in exemplary fashion, in the manner of a general. In her book, Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies, Maynard Mack comments on the impropriety of the general’s treatment: Here time present, in which Desdemona speaks and sings, and time future, in which we know she (like Barbary) is to die from an absolute fidelity to her intuition of what love is and means, recede even as we watch into a lost time past, when Desdemona had a mother and all love’s agonies and complexities could be comprehended in a song. A song moreover, bringing to her consciousness the sheltered world in which she grew up, now balanced beside the world she chose. In that other world, her husband might have been a Venetian gentleman, someone like Lodovico perhaps – â€Å"a proper man,† she confides to Emilia – such a man as surely would never strike his wife in public or humiliate her in private as a common prostitute? (132) Is it logical for the hero to switch from his initial attitude toward his wife (â€Å"As this that I have reachd: for know, Iago, / But that I love the gentle Desdemona†) to one of total distrust -- even after Emilia assures him that there has been no opportunity for the unfaithfulness of which she is accused? OTHELLO. You have seen nothing then? EMILIA. NorShow MoreRelated The Dual Nature of Characters in Othello Essay1074 Words   |  5 Pages The Dual Nature of Characters in Othellonbsp;nbsp; In Shakespeares tragedy, Othello, Iago is uncharacteristically honest when he says I am not what I am. However, he is not the only character whose appearance differs from the reality. Nonetheless, he is possibly the only person who intends this duplicity. Unfortunately everyone is under the impression that Iago is honest and just. Once alone, Iago reveals when devils will the blackest sins put on, they do suggest at first with heavenlyRead MoreHamlet, Prince Of Denmark1869 Words   |  8 Pagesin his essay. They are discussed below: The play Hamlet, core more on characters, not on action, using soliloquies. There is no strong sub-plot if we compare Hamlet with the other plays of Shakespeare like Macbeth or Othello. Play is full of seeing discontinuation and irregularities of action. The play lasts much more than usual plays at that time.(4 hours to 2 hours) According to Eliot that the failure of the drama lies not simply with the adaptation, plot construction and versification, but moreRead MoreShakespeare vs Dryden3975 Words   |  16 Pageswork between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and collaborated with other playwrights. Many of his plays were published in editions of varying qualityRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesenvironment really saved? †¢ Germany’s solar subsidies, perhaps the most wasteful green scheme on earth, produce a mere 0.25 percent of the country’s energy and cost consumers as much as $125 billion. †¢ November’s â€Å"climategate† affair over irregularities in the report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the United Nations body whose findings are the basis of all climate policy. Though a review panel has since cleared the researchers of most allegations, the lingering controversy

The Politics of Spying Essay - 1177 Words

Introduction This essay will consider the politics of spying. It will discuss examples of espionage as well as its necessity. The paper will also debate upon whether spying is an invasion of privacy and there for rights, or not. The essay begins by defining espionage. It offers examples of espionage and how it has been used by different countries in the past as well as how it is increasingly used today on a global scale. The paper concludes by offering the authors comments on spying as well as confirming or disconfirming its use as a tool in international relations 1.1. Defining espionage The definition of espionage according to different sources. .the use of secret agents to steal information from other governments, enemies and†¦show more content†¦Another reason why spying is seen as such a9 necessity is because it helps states when it comes to creating foreign policy. By knowing what goes on within the borders of another state, the said states know if they should relax or tighten controls on their foreign policy. The other large role spying plays is during meetings in which heads of military strategies how they will fight in a certain war or the battle tactics they will use to invade a state. One of the more basic uses of spying which is used within a state’s borders and within relations with states is for information gathering. many articles have come out in recent years which revolve around how the United States of America have been spying on their European allies as well as their heads of state for example the NSA was spying on German chancellor Angela Merkel. Most states belong to international governmental organisations such as the UN within these organisations representatives of states meet within a neutral setting and debate foreign policy as well as global issues. Here espionage is used quite frequently between the states for various reasons. 2.2. Espionage is an invasion of privacy. Espionage as a major invasion of privacy especially spying on a civilian population because all humans have a right to privacy and spying on people then infringes on this basic human right. Espionage between states is also seen as an invasion of privacy as whatShow MoreRelatedNSA Spying - What is Metadata and What Does the Law Say?1384 Words   |  6 PagesNSA Spying - What is Metadata and What Does the Law Say? Technology is in everything we do from using our home refrigerator, washer, cellular device, automobile, and or computer systems. When using certain devices you pass information to others pertaining to personal and private information. This information or metadata could be a bank account or credit card number, pin, and or password that we unconsciously share. 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Big Brother could be considered the main antagonist of George Orwell’s 1984. Serving as a constant watchmen over the citizensRead MoreDemocratic Peace Theory1319 Words   |  6 Pagesdecide is bad because the average person does not think rationally, they think emotionally which leads to more problems. Take the Cold War of the United States against the USSR as an example of how emotions almost destroyed two nations. People were spying on their own family members out of fear of being branded a communist and the fear of nuclear annihilation was ever present danger that children were doing drills in case of nuclear fallout. Had it not been for Gorbachev assuming power in Russia and

The Environmental and Natural Resources Samples for Students

Question: Identify at least Ten Sustainability Issues that you belive are Important in Engineering ? Answer: Introduction Issues related to Environmental and natural resources have increasingly gained importance in the recent half of the 20th century and the onset of the 21st century. The ever increasing populations across the world have resulted in an escalating burden on natural resources such as water bodies, land, and air. Thus concerns on the survival of these natural resources regarding the increasing human population is becoming a global issue(A.K. Mehrotra 2008, 234). Sustainability is the study of how the systems that exist naturally persistently operate to produce the requirements for the ecosystem entirely to remain in a state of equilibrium. There are pillars which contribute to the social science of sustainable existence i.e. the social, economic and environmental pillars. Thus the problems associated with these pillars forms the issues particularly in engineering fields, and a formidable action should be taken to avert possible threats to sustainability(Bobok 2009, 556). Abstract This paper focuses on the various sustainability issues that are related to oil and gas industry. These problems pose threats to the existence of sustainable development both to and should be taken seriously for the betterment of future of humankind. Some of the possible measures that should be taken to combating some of these issues are also discussed. Further, the factors that have contributed to the cause of the major issue of the greenhouse gas emission is elaborated(Bobok 2009, 560). Findings There exist numerous issues associated with the petroleum industry. They include Environmental issues such as the greenhouse gas emissions. Oil and gas companies produce a high level of greenhouse gasses as contrasted with other sectors. Oil production entails various processes such as venting, the release of natural gas (methane) and flaring. These gasses are toxic since; ethane is twenty-five times more potential to promoting global warming than carbon IV oxide .besides, the drilling, and production process entail the full spread application of various engine systems and compressors which emit a larger percentage of greenhouse gas. Although regulations on greenhouse gas emission have been put into place and other policies in different countries that chiefly produce oil and gas, predominant laws are significantly hindered in the leading economies such as Canada and USA(Borho 2009, 672). General climate change- climate change is also another critical issue associated with oil and gas industry. Just like other fossils, the production and transportation of oil and its use have very many impacts to the environment. The production of oil results to pollution of air, emission of harmful gasses such as methane into the atmosphere thus resulting in greenhouse gasses effect and destruction of the wilderness. These impacts consequently lead to change in the climate, and with time, it becomes even a threat to the oil and gas production sector itself. Moreover, the emission of carbon IV oxide gas into the atmosphere results in the formation of a thick coating layer or global warming thereby increasing the temperatures in the earths atmosphere(Borho 2009, 675). Land disruption- despite being one of the major contributors in the energy sector, oil production causes severe soil pollution from its output to transportation. Oil spillage on land deprives the soil of its minerals thus rendering it infertile and posing a significant threat to agriculture and the economic development of a country at large. The production of oil at the offshore has produced large oil spillage including a major spillage from Nova Scotia offshore that destroyed the Gulf of Mexico back in 2010(Boyun Guo 2011, 198). The spread of toxic materials- the production of oil involve the use of very many chemicals which are toxic in nature. In cases of oils spillage, this spillage may affect marine life either through inhaling, ingestion of or through direct contact. Some of these chemicals when inhaled may cause suppression of the immune system and in some cases cancer which consequently results in reproductive collapse. Also, other organs such as the brain, kidney and the liver may get damaged(Congrui Jin 2016, 872). Disruption of the scenic views and the clear night skies the machinery involved in the oil production process as well as the gas flares destroys the scenic values which in turn affects major traveling aircraft routes. An example is the Americas oil and gas boom that is even clear when viewed from space in which the oil fields of Bakken burns nearly as shining as Minneapolis and Chicago city. Below is a picture showing the effect(DR. John C. Reis 2013, 554). Irreversible damage to land the construction operations that are associated with gas and oil drilling always leave an irreversible impact on the area. Thus it becomes hard for the development of roads and well pad. These damages not only destroy the habitats of land animals but also leads to increased erosion and stripping of the vegetation. Below is how this oil and gas production effect impacts the ground(DR. John C. Reis 2013, 266). Air and water pollution- the emission of the toxic gasses compromises the clean air that is inhaled. As a result of lack of proper strategy on dealing with the emitted gasses, they are permitted to flow into the atmosphere or even in water sources. This results in pollution since the plant life is cut short. Besides, the in the western states these forms of pollution are turning into the ground level; ozone layer increasing the number of organic compounds which set back human beings and the plants(David S. Goldstein 2011, 177). Corruption in the petroleum industry there exist little if no transparency and accountability in the oil sector as most revenues does not get published and most the payments that are made to the government to exploit the resources always stays unconcealed. Often, the hunt for sources of oil results to operations in areas that are characterized by political unsteadiness, dishonest business dealings, and violence. Though such places in most cases provide strong prospects for development, the firm standard prices are likely to degrade as soon as investors become unrelaxed with political instability for fear of chaos erupting.(David S. Goldstein 2011, 998). Deteriorating biodiversity- most of the plant, land and sea life is affected by the oil and gas production. Increased vehicle traffic at the gas and oil production sites substantially leads to noise pollution in the wild lands. These wild animals and the birds respond by fleeing away and may be vulnerable to roadkill. Moreover, during nesting and breeding season the songbird communication is affected as well as the alteration of dynamics of the prey and the predator(ESOMBA 2008, 543). Health and safety issues health and security operations that are free from incidences are an essential factor to increased productivity and efficiency at large. Both the processes taking place at the offshore and onshore have high possibilities of health and safety occurrences which can have devastating consequences. An incident that occurred in the Macondo offshore explosion in 2010 claimed the lives of 11 people while many sustained injuries. Also, since the production process involves emissions of gasses that increases the temperatures, there are high risks of fire outbreaks that may lead to deaths(Engineers 2013, 890). Solutions to some of the Challenges Health and safety issues as discussed above, the health problems related to the oil production process mostly occur at the offshore. Moreover, the high temperatures expose humans to high risks of deaths as a result of the fire. The best strategy to curb this problem is automation of these processes. This will ensure that all the processes that are involved from the production process to the transportation are automated and do not require the presences of a human. This reduces the chances of injuries to people in cases of any outbreaks(Engineers 2013, 321). A case study is the shell, Rockwell oil and gas plant. Philip Tracy states that oil and gas producers are working hard to ensure they drill through a period manifested by a historically lower power barrel oil costs. Thus its more crucial to reducing the maintenance and repair costs. In that line, shell plant has gone more digital to producing slightly over 25000 wells worldwide, and many of the wells are situated in challenging areas i.e. over a thousand meters underground. They have managed to solve this by applying a smart field technology which involves the installation of communication systems such as sensors on its equipments(Environment 2012, 511). For example, the pumps and the valves, the primary function of theses sensors is to detect the changes in various variables such as temperature, pressures among other parameters then sends signals to the control system which may be a programmable logic control to take an appropriate action. Furthermore, the engineers get to monitor and optimize each process. When the sensors are incorporated it means that the duty that would have been performed by people is taken care of thus there are almost zero chances of accidents happening, or in case there is an accident here will be no casualties(Environment 2012, 515). This technology has promoted an increased production of oil and gas commodities as well as minimizing the downtime and improvement of the overall oil and gas recovery. Furthermore, the overall production costs are reduced while reducing the risks that are associated with health which is a greater benefit(Speight 2016, 422). Philip Tracy further proceeds to explain that the process involved in converting the hydrocarbons which are turned in the underground into gas to be used for filling personal cars is very involving. Hence all the process starting from the extraction, the refining processes, and transportation to gas station necessitates high efficiency and reliability which is seen in the Rockwell Automation on how they have managed to tackle the complex situations. They are using Microsoft services in the field which entails a combination of sensors, software and solution based on a cloud to predict and analyses the material failure, monitor the performance as well as improving the designs while preventing future breakdowns(Environment 2012, 520). According to Rockwell, one pump in the offshore rig can bring operations to a stop and result in a loss of $100000 to $ 300000 in a single day. Thus the smart drilling system is of much benefit. The Rockwell Company is also underway with processes of providing smart gas pumps which will be able to collect data and convey it on a dashboard to be viewed by Android, PC or windows phone user. Greenhouse emissions- the gasses from greenhouse emissions are harmful and toxic to the environment. They are as a result of some activities that control measures have been neglected, and they primarily affect both human and the atmosphere adversely. The carbon and methane gas emissions eventually lead to increased global warming and consequently change the climate. Therefore, appropriate measures should be put into place into the oil and gas plants to reduce their emissions(Sohrab Zendehboudi 2016, 326). For instance, a case study on a program that fights for the environmental standard, ExxonMobil recognizes that the venting emissions in 2015 was approximated to be six million metric tons of carbon iv oxide and have been radically reduced due to the measures applied. The fugitive and venting measures primarily methane is averagely 5 % of the direct greenhouse gas emissions and the putting up of cost effective measures such as substituting the high bleed pneumatic devices using a minimized radiation technology and leading the greenhouse completions towards the upstream operations has effectively worked(Erik Eberhardt 2007, 333). Furthermore, an XTO energy company manages the carbon and methane emissions by applying containment practices during the process of drilling, completion as well as during the production operations. The emissions are additionally regulated by a mixture of regulatory and voluntary actions such as the implementations of leak detection techniques and maintenance programmers. These are aided through the uses of sensors which will help to sense the changes during the production and transportation process. Furthermore after the drilling operations of a new well, the workers ensure proper preparation of the production equipments by making sure that the products of the natural gas are confined by the product material by optimizing the sensors and imaging cameras, the leakage parts that would not be quickly realized or visible are easily located and appropriate measures are taken(G.G. Nasr 2014, 810). Another test that helps to curb the greenhouse emission effects is the cogeneration technology which seizures the heat that is produced during the oil and gas production .the cogeneration facilities contribute to minimizing the gas emissions, and they approximately prevent 6 million metric tons of the greenhouse emissions annually. In conclusion, promoting the construction of the cogeneration facilities will greatly help to minimize the greenhouse gas emissions, already the ExxonMobil has started the construction of an 84-megawatt cogeneration facility in Singapore sites(G.G. Nasr 2014, 813). Land use pattern and biodiversity-most of the plant, land and sea life is affected by the oil and gas production. Increased vehicle traffic at the gas and oil production sites substantially leads to noise pollution in the wild lands. These wild animals and the birds respond by fleeing away and may be vulnerable to roadkill. Moreover, during nesting and breeding season the songbird communication is affected as well as the alteration of dynamics of the prey and the predator. Moreover, oil production causes severe land pollution from its output to transportation. Oil spillage on land deprives the soil of its minerals thus rendering it infertile and posing a significant threat to agriculture and the economic development of a country at large. The of production oil at the offshore has produced large oil spillage including a major spillage from Nova Scott offshore that destroyed the Gulf of Mexico back in 2010(Saleh 2015, 76). Thus, appropriate measures such as the use of downhole oil and water separation techniques, these techniques ensures that water and oil are separated when still within the wellbore so that only gas or oil that contains little amount of water is conveyed to the surface. This is aided by the use of downhole monitoring equipments and cables(Howard B. Bradley 2007, 294). Also, the treatment of the water from the oil plant before being taken into the atmosphere. Once the water is treated, it will be very safe to use in agricultural operations such as irrigation or any other secondary industrial operations. Moreover, the treated water can also be used beneficially in fire operations .a case study is in the western USA where reports have it that larger amounts of the produced water are used as sources of firefighting operations at Colorado and Durango .furthermore, the reusing of the water is also an important measure. When the water is reused once again in the production process, both the plant and marine life will not be affected since there are no emissions(Huacan Fang 2014, 447). Other measures of curbing land and water pollution are the freeze-thaw evaporation process whereby individual process such as a freezing and conventional evaporations of the produced water is applied. The produced water is cooled at very low temperatures such that it starts to crystallize. After that, the ice is collected and melted to produce clean water for use(Rusco 2010, 200). Contributing Factors of Greenhouse Emission The challenge associated with greenhouse emissions have been mostly provided by the original design of the oil and gas plants .the design of the system does not allow for an appropriate measure to curb the emissions from being permitted into the atmosphere. Engineers have played a role in propagating this challenge and if not keenly looked into it will have adverse effects shortly. There is no proper measure that was employed during the design, and thus the carbon and methane gasses freely go into the atmosphere and consequently result in global warming and climate change. If appropriate measures such as rechanneling of the carbon and emissions into underground storage channels were put into place during the design process, this issue would not be a factor(Hurst 2009, 835). Furthermore, the design has not fully incorporated the use of efficient technologies to avert the problems that may be associated with fire or accidents from the oil and gas plant. For instance the oil spillage at the offshore. If the control devices such as the sensors were incorporated into the design, then it would have been easy to notice a situation where there are leakages and thus preventing the occurrences of accidences and deaths. Thus new technologies if adopted would help solve these challenges(John R. Fanchi 2016, 118). Other factors that have contributed to the lack of proper regulations on the production of oil and gas production companies. There are many oil and gas production plants worldwide which produce petroleum oil in large quantities annually. Bearing in mind that it is all these processes that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions starting from the extraction, production and transportation process. Despite all theses, there have been limited regulations which would help to avert the greenhouse gas emissions(Mahto 2016, 721). If there were conditions that a company should meet to embark on the production process, the emissions would have been reduced with its general accompanying effects. For instance, if these enterprises would be required to embrace the cogeneration technology which seizures the heat that is produced during the oil and gas production. Setting up a cogeneration facility before the setting of the plant as a requirement would be of much significance(Mian 2007, 532). Besides, putting up of cost effective measures such as substituting the high bleed pneumatic devices using a minimized emission technology and directing the greenhouse completions towards the upstream operations has effectively worked as a limit would consequently help to curb this challenge(Norman Myers 2013, 184). Conclusion Issues related to the oil and gas production should be taken into keen consideration to prevent adverse effects from occurring in the near future. Primarily these challenges contribute to global warming and climate change which is not desirable for both plant and human life. Thus applying some of the recommended measures would help to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and other resulting impacts(world 2010, 377). References A.K. Mehrotra, R.K. Singhal. 2008. Environmental Issues and Waste Management in Energy and Mineral Production. new york: CRC Press. Bobok, E. 2009. Fluid Mechanics for Petroleum Engineers. westminster: Elsevier,. Borho, Todd. 2009. Making The Oligarchy Obsolete Defining Problems of Coercion and Seeking Voluntary Solutions. chicago: Lulu.com. Boyun Guo. 2011. Petroleum Production Engineering, A Computer-Assisted Approach. manchester: Gulf Professional Publishing,. Congrui Jin, Gianluca Cusatis. 2016. New Frontiers in Oil and Gas Exploration. london: Springer,. David S. Goldstein, Rhonda A. Jones. 2011. Petroleum Engineering Practice Problem Manual. chicago: Professional Publications. John C. Reis, Ph.D. 2013. Environmental Control in Petroleum Engineering. london: Gulf Professional Publishing,. Engineers, Society of Petroleum. 2013. Journal of Petroleum Technology: Official Monthly Publication of the Petroleum Branch. new york: AIME. Environment, National Council for Science and the. 2012. The Climate Solutions Consensus:. carlisle: Island Press. Erik Eberhardt, Doug Stead, Tom Morrison. 2007. Rock Mechanics: Meeting Society's Challenges and Demands,. chicago: CRC Press,. ESOMBA, STEVE Dr. 2008. LASTING SOLUTION TO OIL-AND-FOOD CRISES. chicago: Lulu.com. G.G. Nasr, N.E. Connor. 2014. Natural Gas Engineering and Safety Challenges: Downstream Process, Analysis, Utilization and Safety. london: Springer International Publishing. Howard B. Bradley, Fred W. Gipson. 2007. Petroleum engineering handbook. new york: Society of Petroleum Engineers,. Huacan Fang, Menglan Duan. 2014. Offshore Operation Facilities: Equipment and Procedures. chicago: Gulf Professional Publishing. Hurst, William. 2009. Advances in petroleum engineering. new york: PenWell Pub. Co. John R. Fanchi, Richard L. Christiansen. 2016. Introduction to Petroleum Engineering. carlisle: John Wiley Sons. Mahto, Vikas. 2016. Khanna's Objective Questions in Petroleum Engineering. edinburgh: Khanna Publishing. Mian, Mohammed A. 2007. Petroleum Engineering Handbook for the Practicing Engineer, Volume 1. london: PennWell Books,. Norman Myers, Scott Spoolman. 2013. Environmental Issues and Solutions: A Modular Approach. london: Cengage Learning,. Rusco, Frank. 2010. Oil and Gas Management: Interior's Oil and Gas Production Verification Efforts . leicester: DIANE Publishing,. Saleh, Tawfik A. 2015. Advances in Chemical and Materials Engineering. chicago: IGI Global. Shulk, bernard F. 2002. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States . manchester: DIANE Publishing. Sohrab Zendehboudi, Alireza Bahadori. 2016. Shale Oil and Gas Handbook: Theory, Technologies, and Challenges. new york: Elsevier Science. Speight, James G. 2016. Deep Shale Oil and Gas. chicago: Elsevier Science Technology. world, Petroleum. 2010. Petroleum Engineering Handbook ..., Issue 1. london: Petroleum world